However, nations join coalitions for various reasons. Although the missions of multinational partners may appear similar to those of the United States, rules of engagement, home−country policies, and sensitivities may differ among partners. U.S. military leaders require a strong cultural and political awareness of HN and other multinational military partners.
NONMILITARY COUNTERINSURGENCY PARTICIPANTS
2−26. Many nonmilitary organizations may support a host nation as it confronts an insurgency. Some of these organizations are discussed below. (JP 3−08, volume II, discusses nonmilitary organizations often associated with joint operations.)
U.S. Government Organizations
2−27. Commanders' situational awareness includes being familiar with other U.S. Government organizations participating in the COIN effort and aware of their capabilities. Planning includes determining which organizations are supporting the force or operating in their area of operations (AO). Commanders and leaders of other U.S. Government organizations should collaboratively plan and coordinate actions to avoid conflict or duplication of effort. Within the U.S. Government, key organizations include—
Department of State.
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U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
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Central Intelligence Agency.
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Department of Justice.
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Drug Enforcement Administration (under Department of Justice).
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The U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual Department of the Treasury.
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Department of Homeland Security.
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Department of Energy.
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Department of Agriculture.
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Department of Commerce.
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Department of Transportation.
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U.S. Coast Guard (under Department of Homeland Security).
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (under Department of Justice).
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Immigration Customs Enforcement (under Department of Homeland Security).
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Other Governments' Agencies
2−28. Agencies of other national governments (such as ministries of defense, foreign affairs, development, and justice) are likely to actively participate in COIN operations. The list of possible participants from other countries is too long to list. Leaders of U.S. contingents must work closely with their multinational counterparts to become familiar with agencies that may operate in their AO. To the degree possible, military leaders should use U.S. civilian representatives to establish appropriate relationships and awareness of their multinational counterparts.
Nongovernmental Organizations
2−29. Joint doctrine defines a nongovernmental organization as a private, self−governing, not−for−profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering; and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and civil society (JP 1−02). There are several thousand NGOs of many different types. Their activities are governed by their organizing charters and their members'
motivations. Some NGOs receive at least part of their funding from national governments or IGOs. Some may 51
The U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual become implementing partners in accordance with grants or contracts. (For example, USAID provides some NGO funding.) In these cases, the funding organization often gains oversight and authority over how the funds are used.
2−30. Some NGOs maintain strict independence from governments and belligerents and do not want to be seen directly associating with military forces. Gaining the support of and coordinating operations with these NGOs can be difficult. Establishing basic awareness of these groups and their activities may be the most commanders can achieve. NGOs play important roles in resolving insurgencies, however. Many NGOs arrive before military forces and remain afterwards. They can support lasting stability. To the greatest extent possible, commanders try to complement and not override their capabilities. Building a complementary, trust−based relationship is vital.
2−31. Examples of NGOs include—
International Committee of the Red Cross.
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World Vision.
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Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders).
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Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE).
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Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (OXFAM).
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Save the Children.
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Mercy Corps.
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Academy for Educational Development.
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Intergovernmental Organizations