4 and M/80 AT blast mines
IT, EG
TC/6 and TCE/6 AT blast mines
IT
TM-46 AT blast mine
FSU
TMN-46 and Type 59 AT blast mines
FSU, CH
TM-57 AT blast mine
FSU, IZ
TM-62 AT blast mine
FSU
Type 72 (plastic body) AT blast mine
CH
VS-2.2 AT blast mine
IT, SN
M21 plate-charge AT mine
US
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Scatterable Mines
Country of Origin
EM-20 scatterable AP blast mine
GR
SB-33 scatterable AP blast mine
IT, SP
SB-33/AR scatterable AP blast mine
IT, SP
VS-50, TS-50, and T/79 scatterable AP blast mines
IT-EG
SB-81 scatterable AT blast mine
IT, SP
SB-81/AR scatterable AT blast mine
IT, SP
VS-1.6 scatterable AT blast mine
IT
VS-1.6/ARAN scatterable AT blast mine
IT
MRL (ABABEL) delivered scatterable AT mine
FYU, IZ
Landmines Emplaced by Iraqi Forces during DESERT SHIELD
AP
Italian TS-50 & VS-50
Chinese, Iraqi, Former Soviet PMN
Italian Valmara 59
Chinese Type 72
Italian Valmara 69
Belgian PRB M409
Italian P-25
Former Soviet MON-50
Italian P-40
AT
Italian VS-1.6
Former Soviet TM-62M
Italian VS-2.2
Chinese Type 72
British L9A1 Barmine
Belgian PRB M3
Former Soviet TM-46
Czechoslovakia PT-MI-BA III
Former Soviet TM-57
Engineer Camouflage Measures
Iraqi doctrine for camouflage and concealment stresses the importance
of proper utilization of the terrain including the use of natural conceal-
ment for movements. In barren desert terrain, movement of troops or
vehicles is very vulnerable to enemy reconnaissance. Thus, hills, val-
leys, and wadis will be used to conceal troop and vehicle movements.
The Iraqis will also use the cover of darkness for troop displacement
thereby concealing the dust plumes caused by such movement. Techni-
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cal measures of camouflage include coloring (speckling), using artificial screens, and using deceptive lights.
Iraqi artillery positions are often vacated at night and decoys left behind.
Decoy tanks, aircraft, and anti-aircraft systems are also employed. Many
of the decoys are highly detailed mock-ups constructed from fiberglass
or sheet metal and accurately painted. The Iraqis are primarily con-
cerned with the visual signatures of the decoys.
Combat Service Support
DOCTRINE
Iraqi logistics doctrine is a composite system reflecting influence of the
former Soviet Union at strategic levels as supplies are pushed down
from national and GHQ depots, and British influence at operational and
tactical levels as lower echelons pull from brigades, brigades from divi-
sions, and corps.
ECHELON SYSTEM
The Iraqi army classifies combat service support by echelon. Echelons
are referred to as Echelons F, A, and B.
■ Echelon F is the combat element of the battle group. It is the largest
echelon and is composed of individuals and equipment necessary for
combat on the battlefield.
■ Echelon A is composed of combat service support assets at the bat-
talion and brigade group level. In mechanized and armor-heavy bat-
tle groups, Echelon A is divided into A1 and A2 sections. The
forward elements of the A2 section are called the Immediate Replen-
ishment Group (IRG).
■ Echelon A1 deploys within 3 to 5 kilometers of the forward combat units.
■ Echelon A2 deploys further to the brigade rear, 15 to 20 kilometers
from the forward battle groups.
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■ Echelon B refers to combat service support elements at the division level supporting the brigade groups located 30 to 50 kilometers
behind the forward combat elements.
REPLENISHMENT
Basic Load
The individual soldier carries a 1-day supply of ammunition, rations,
and water. The daily basic load of ammunition for an infantryman is 120
rounds of rifle ammunition. Platoon through brigade each carry a 3-day
basic load; division carries a 5-day basic load; corps carries up to a 15-
day basic load.
Water
The normal daily water issue is 3 liters per day per soldier. When
required, soldiers are issued a 1-liter water canteen and are trained to
sustain operations on this allotment for a period of 10 days. Each com-
pany headquarters is supplied with a 100-liter aluminum tank from
which company personnel could obtain water. Five-gallon water cans
are available in the company administrative area.
Replenishment Procedure
Priorities for replenishment in the battle group are dictated by battalion,
or brigade group headquarters. The A1 Echelon commander will allo-
cate resources according to need. The quartermaster will take uploaded
vehicles to the company, or combat team. Empty vehicles will return to
A2 Echelon where they will be restocked by either the IRG or from a
pre-selected distribution site. They will then return to A1 Echelon ready
to be called forward.
POL SUPPLY
Fuel tankers draw fuel from the corps area and transport it to refueling
points in the brigade, or division distribution sites. Battalion fuel tankers
draw fuel from the brigade petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) supply
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point and refuel battalion armored fighting vehicles. At battalion level and below, fueling is also accomplished by using fuel-filled jerry-cans
or rubber fuel tanks, each with a capacity of 2,250 liters. Two bladders
can be loaded on each 5-ton truck.
Fueling without fuel tankers is accomplished by meeting with trucks
loaded with jerry-cans filled with fuel. In most vehicles, the uploaded
POL capacity in main fuel tanks and reserve containers will suffice for
approximately 250 kilometers. Fuel stores at A1 Echelon (battalion) and
A2 Echelon (brigade) known as first line reserve supply, will suffice for
another 150 kilometers of movement. Empty POL resupply vehicles from
A1 Echelon proceed to the A2 echelon for refueling from the brigade IRG.